Smart sensing the spectrum: biosensor and biomarker approaches for early autism detection
This article reviews emerging biomarker research and biosensor technologies for earlier, more objective detection of autism spectrum disorder, moving beyond subjective behavioral assessments. The review covers protein-based biomarkers (amino acids, neurotransmitters), genetic variants (SNPs, CNVs), neuroimaging approaches (MRI/fMRI), and innovations in nanotechnology-enabled biosensors for non-invasive real-time monitoring.