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This narrative review examines how precise phenotypic characterization of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) can improve clinical outcomes and guide therapeutic interventions. The authors analyze current definitional frameworks and evidence-based approaches to identifying and managing patients with depression that has not responded to standard pharmacological treatments.
This article examines how neuroinflammation contributes to depression through activation of immune pathways and cytokine signaling in the brain. It discusses identified biomarkers of neuroinflammation and explores anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches as potential treatments for depressive disorders.
This study protocol examines gut microbiota composition differences between Malaysian patients with major depressive disorder (in monotherapy and polypharmacy groups) and healthy controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The research aims to fill knowledge gaps about how microbial metabolites influence mood and behavior in the Malaysian population.
This comparative study examined thyroid function (TSH, FT4, FT3) in 88 hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, or bipolar disorder, finding significantly elevated TSH and higher subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence in depression patients. The research explores correlations between thyroid parameters and symptom severity using validated psychiatric rating scales while controlling for non-thyroidal illness effects.
A cross-sectional study of 60 fibromyalgia patients and 71 matched controls found ADHD present in 61.7% of FM patients versus 23.9% of controls, with nearly half undiagnosed in childhood. Childhood ADHD symptoms were strongly associated with adult ADHD diagnosis, though ADHD presence was not linked to greater fibromyalgia impact or functional impairment.