External Validation of the UPFRONT Prognostic Model for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery at 6 Months
This multicenter study externally validated the UPFRONT-model, which predicts functional outcome after mild traumatic brain injury using factors like educational level, consciousness level, neck pain, and psychological variables. The model demonstrated acceptable discrimination ability but systematically underestimated recovery rates (predicted 46% vs observed 75%), suggesting need for calibration adjustments while confirming psychological variables as robust predictors.