Enhanced Neurobiological Biomarker Differentiation for ADHD Through Risk-Informed Design

This study of 2,511 Brazilian children and adolescents examined three ADHD biomarkers (genetic risk scores, brain structure, and executive function) using a risk-stratification approach that separates unaffected individuals by their predicted ADHD risk. The risk-informed design substantially increased the differentiation between ADHD cases and low-risk controls, doubling the overlap-free area and producing more pronounced neurobiological differences than standard case-control comparisons.