Prevalence and Risk Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among School-Age Children in Harbin, China

A cross-sectional screening study of 22,942 children aged 6-12 in Harbin found an estimated ASD prevalence of 0.63% with a 4.37:1 male-to-female ratio, using two-stage screening with standardized tools and DSM-5 clinical diagnosis. Pregnancy complications (severe nausea/vomiting, infections) and family factors (family type, parenting style, household income) were identified as associated risk factors.