Stimulant treatment for ADHD and risk of juvenile criminal offending: Population-based cohort study

This Australian population cohort study of over 75,000 individuals with ADHD found that untreated ADHD was associated with increased risk of first criminal offence, which was substantially reduced by stimulant medication in young males. Stimulant treatment showed less protective effect for repeat offences, and some unexpected increased risk in treated females aged 10-17 years, suggesting complex relationships between treatment, sex, and reoffending outcomes.