Endocrine and Digestive Disorders in Down Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Cross-Talk Mechanisms

This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms of endocrine abnormalities (thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, growth impairment) and gastrointestinal disorders in Down syndrome, which occur at elevated rates due to immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation. The authors highlight the role of gut dysbiosis and the gut-endocrine-immune axis in promoting autoimmunity and metabolic dysfunction, emphasizing the need for integrated, multidisciplinary clinical approaches and early screening.