Down Syndrome for the Otolaryngologist: A Clinical Review

This review addresses the multiple head and neck manifestations of Down syndrome that commonly prompt otolaryngologic referral, including hearing loss, eustachian tube dysfunction, chronic rhinosinusitis, speech delay, obstructive sleep apnea, and airway anomalies. Otolaryngologists must be aware of anesthetic considerations such as cervical spine instability and comorbid conditions like cardiac disease and hypothyroidism when managing this patient population across all age groups.