Cognitive and Behavioural Associations of Visual and Hearing Impairments Across the Lifespan in People With Down Syndrome: A Scoping Review

This scoping review of 38 studies examines how hearing and visual impairments in people with Down syndrome are associated with cognitive and behavioral outcomes across all life stages. Hearing impairments showed strongest associations with language delays in infancy/childhood and reduced adaptive functioning in adults, while visual impairments were linked to learning difficulties and cognitive decline in adulthood.