Cumulative Head Trauma from Soccer and Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Parkinson's Disease Risk in Former Athletes

This cross-sectional study of 1,231 participants from the Fox Insight cohort examined whether repetitive head impacts from soccer and traumatic brain injury (TBI) history independently or cumulatively increase Parkinson's disease (PD) risk. Former soccer players with a history of TBI with loss of consciousness showed significantly elevated odds of PD diagnosis compared to those without such cumulative exposure.