Determinants of Healthcare Costs in Individuals With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review

This systematic review synthesized evidence from 14 studies on direct and indirect healthcare costs associated with Down syndrome, finding that inpatient services constitute the largest cost component and that expenses peak during infancy (due to congenital heart defects) and again in adulthood (due to age-related conditions like dementia). Associated comorbidities, functional limitations, and lower socioeconomic status were identified as key cost determinants.