Neuroinflammation as a driver of Down syndrome-associated Alzheimer's disease

This review examines how chronic neuroinflammation, triggered by immune dysregulation beginning prenatally and persisting across lifespan, drives cognitive decline in Down syndrome individuals with Alzheimer's disease beyond amyloid pathology alone. Preclinical studies demonstrate that microglial activation and oxidative stress precede cognitive symptoms and can be reversed with targeted interventions, positioning inflammation-modulating therapies as potential treatment strategies for this high-risk population.