Upper Airway Obstruction and Pulmonary Hypertension in Children with Down Syndrome: A Clinical Review

Children with Down syndrome frequently develop obstructive sleep apnea (affecting up to 80%) due to facial and airway anatomy, which can contribute to pulmonary hypertension through chronic hypoxemia and vascular remodeling. Current diagnostic and treatment approaches are limited, with adenotonsillectomy showing variable benefit and medication efficacy differing in this population compared to others.